【included和including用法】在英语学习中,"included" 和 "including" 是两个常被混淆的词。虽然它们都与“包含”有关,但用法和语境却有所不同。为了帮助大家更好地理解和区分这两个词,本文将从语法结构、使用场景以及常见搭配等方面进行总结,并通过表格形式清晰展示它们的区别。
一、基本含义
- included:过去分词形式,表示“被包含在内”,强调的是某物已经被纳入整体之中。
- including:现在分词形式,表示“包括……在内”,强调的是列举或举例时的范围扩展。
二、语法结构对比
项目 | included | including |
词性 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 |
功能 | 表示被动关系,强调“被包含” | 表示主动关系,强调“包含” |
常见句型 | be + included(如:The fee is included.) | include + 名词/动名词(如:The package includes a book.) |
三、使用场景对比
场景 | included | including |
描述某个事物已被包含在内 | The service is included in the price.(服务已包含在价格中。) | —— |
强调某物是整体的一部分 | The team includes three members from China.(团队包括来自中国的三名成员。) | —— |
列举时用于引出例子 | The list includes books, pens, and notebooks.(清单包括书、笔和笔记本。) | —— |
在介词后使用 | The meeting was attended by all employees, including the manager.(会议由所有员工参加,包括经理。) | —— |
用于被动语态 | All items are included in the package.(所有物品都包含在包裹中。) | —— |
四、常见错误对比
错误用法 | 正确用法 | 解释 |
This package doesn't include the charger. | This package doesn't include the charger. | “include”用于主动语态,正确。 |
The price included the tax. | The price includes the tax. | 如果是陈述事实,通常用一般现在时;如果是过去的情况,可用过去式。 |
The group consists of five people, included me. | The group consists of five people, including me. | “including”用于列举,而“included”不能直接跟在名词后。 |
五、总结
项目 | included | including |
含义 | 被包含 | 包括 |
词性 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 |
用法 | 强调被动 | 强调主动 |
常见搭配 | be included, included in | include, including + 名词/动名词 |
使用场合 | 描述整体中已包含的部分 | 引出例子或说明范围 |
通过以上分析可以看出,“included”和“including”虽然都与“包含”相关,但在语法结构和使用场景上有明显区别。掌握它们的用法,有助于提高英语表达的准确性与自然度。